Evaluating possible maternal kinship among individuals buried in the same location, we identified three potential maternal kinship cases in our dataset. Bayesian mitochondrial contamination estimates 35 ranged between 0–11% (Supplementary Table S3). Point estimates of contamination ranged between 0–25% (95% CI of 0–35%) based on mitochondrial genetic variation 34 (Supplementary Table S3). All libraries showed elevated frequencies of cytosine deamination at 5′ read termini 33 (Fig. 14 individuals were genetically identified as females and 27 were males (Supplementary Table S2) 7. We generated complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 41 ancient individuals with coverages between 12× and 357× (median = 60×) excavated from the Baikal and Yakutia regions in North Asia (Fig. The most important cultural shift in the region might be associated with the arrival of metal in the Bronze Age as well as beginning of pastoralism in the Iron Age 32.Īncient mitochondrial genome sequencing and stable isotope analysis Until the Iron Age, the region was inhabited by foraging groups. polishing) and presence of pottery of eastern origin 26. The Neolithic in North Asia is not associated with sedentism and agriculture, but characterized by the appearance of characteristic stone production techniques (i.e. Both archaeological and genetic data have shown similarities between the cultures of Cis-/Trans-Baikal regions and Yakutia 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. The areas west (Cis-Baikal) and east (Trans-Baikal) of the Lake Baikal have been inhabited since the Palaeolithic and together with Yakutia exhibit a vast variety of prehistoric cultures, including the Neolithic and Bronze Age Kitoi and Glazkovo cultural entities 16, 18, 24, 25, 26. The Baikal region of Siberia has been occupied by humans since Middle Palaeolithic 22, 23. The first humans populating the region had West Eurasian origin 20, 21. East Siberia has been inhabited since the early Paleolithic, as evidenced by sites with pebble industries 16, 17, 18, 19. 1 and Supplementary Table S1).Īrchaeological data indicates an intensive and complex prehistory in North Asia. Here we fill this archaeogenetic gap by examining complete mitochondrial genome sequences and presenting radiocarbon dates of 41 serially sampled ancient individuals from North Asia, corresponding to the three major administrative regions of the Russian Federation including Cis-Baikal (Irkutsk Oblast), Trans-Baikal (Republic of Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai) and Yakutia (Sakha Republic) (Fig. In contrast, the population history in North Asia has remained largely unknown with a limited number of published ancient genomes 14, 15. Genetic continuity in East Asia during the Holocene 13. Increased mobility in West Eurasia during Bronze Age 11, 12, and iv. Genetic continuity between pre-Neolithic and Neolithic populations of Near East 8, 9, 10, iii. Gene flow from Near East through Europe during the Neolithization 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ii. Recent ancient DNA studies have contributed to four major discoveries about the Holocene human population history in Eurasia: i. These results indicate that despite some level of continuity between ancient groups and present-day populations, the region exhibits a complex demographic history during the Holocene. Meanwhile, genetic differences observed between 7,000 BP and 3,000 BP as well as between 4,800 BP and 3,000 BP were inconsistent with genetic drift alone, suggesting gene flow into the region from distant gene pools or structure within the population. Coalescent simulations were consistent with genetic continuity between present day individuals and individuals dating to 7,000 BP, 4,800 BP or 3,000 BP. We observed a decrease in genetic diversity over time and a reduction of maternal effective population size (N e) approximately seven thousand years before present. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences and haplogroup data of these individuals revealed the highest genetic affinity to present-day North Asian populations of the same geographical region suggesting a possible long-term maternal genetic continuity in the region. We present complete mitochondrial genome sequences together with stable isotope data for 41 serially sampled ancient individuals from North Asia, dated between c.13,790 BP and c.1,380 BP extending from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. However, despite being a broad geographical region of significant cultural and linguistic diversity, little is known about the population history in North Asia. Archaeogenomic studies have largely elucidated human population history in West Eurasia during the Stone Age.
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